Deutéronome 23

¹ “No man whose testicles have been crushed or whose penis has been cut off may enter the Lord’s assembly.

² No one of illegitimate birth may enter the Lord’s assembly; none of his descendants, even to the tenth generation, may enter the Lord’s assembly.

³ No Ammonite or Moabite may enter the Lord’s assembly; none of their descendants, even to the tenth generation, may ever enter the Lord’s assembly.

⁴ This is because they did not meet you with food and water on the journey after you came out of Egypt, and because Balaam son of Beor from Pethor in Aram-naharaim was hired to curse you.

⁵ Yet the Lord your God would not listen to Balaam, but he turned the curse into a blessing for you because the Lord your God loves you.

⁶ Never pursue their welfare or prosperity as long as you live.

⁷ Do not despise an Edomite, because he is your brother. Do not despise an Egyptian, because you were a resident alien in his land.

⁸ The children born to them in the third generation may enter the Lord’s assembly.

Note · Deutéronome 23.1–8

Une limite d’accès n’est pas un jugement sur toute une vie

La portée exacte de l’assemblée et certaines catégories de naissance demandent interprétation. Les différences de traitement des peuples sont reliées à la mémoire du chemin. Isaïe 56.3-8 ouvrira une autre parole envers l’étranger et l’eunuque : l’ensemble biblique doit être entendu sans mépris des personnes exclues ici.

⁹ “When you are encamped against your enemies, be careful to avoid anything offensive.

¹⁰ If there is a man among you who is unclean because of a bodily emission during the night, he must go outside the camp; he may not come anywhere inside the camp.

¹¹ When evening approaches, he is to wash with water, and when the sun sets he may come inside the camp.

¹² You are to have a place outside the camp and go there to relieve yourself.

¹³ You are to have a digging tool in your equipment; when you relieve yourself, dig a hole with it and cover up your excrement.

¹⁴ For the Lord your God walks throughout your camp to protect you and deliver your enemies to you; so your encampments must be holy. He must not see anything indecent among you or he will turn away from you.

Note · Deutéronome 23.9–14

La présence de Dieu ne supprime pas les besoins du corps

Les émissions corporelles et les déjections reçoivent un traitement concret dans le camp. Le texte n’appelle pas à haïr le corps ordinaire. Les prescriptions de pureté appartiennent à ce cadre de présence et ne constituent pas un manuel sanitaire complet destiné à toutes les époques.

¹⁵ “Do not return a slave to his master when he has escaped from his master to you.

¹⁶ Let him live among you wherever he wants within your city gates. Do not mistreat him.

¹⁷ “No Israelite woman is to be a cult prostitute, and no Israelite man is to be a cult prostitute.

¹⁸ Do not bring a female prostitute’s wages or a male prostitute’s earnings into the house of the Lord your God to fulfill any vow, because both are detestable to the Lord your God.

Note · Deutéronome 23.15–18

Le réfugié ne doit pas être exploité à nouveau

L’esclave venu chercher refuge reçoit un lieu où demeurer sans oppression. Les prescriptions suivantes refusent certains gains offerts au sanctuaire. Le vocabulaire ancien de ces activités est discuté ; une note ne doit pas transformer des appellations difficiles en permission de déshumaniser les personnes concernées.

¹⁹ “Do not charge your brother interest on silver, food, or anything that can earn interest.

²⁰ You may charge a foreigner interest, but you must not charge your brother Israelite interest, so that the Lord your God may bless you in everything you do in the land you are entering to possess.

²¹ “If you make a vow to the Lord your God, do not be slow to keep it, because he will require it of you, and it will be counted against you as sin.

²² But if you refrain from making a vow, it will not be counted against you as sin.

²³ Be careful to do whatever comes from your lips, because you have freely vowed what you promised to the Lord your God.

²⁴ “When you enter your neighbor’s vineyard, you may eat as many grapes as you want until you are full, but do not put any in your container.

²⁵ When you enter your neighbor’s standing grain, you may pluck heads of grain with your hand, but do not put a sickle to your neighbor’s grain.

Note · Deutéronome 23.19–25

Prêter, promettre et manger demandent des distinctions

Les règles d’intérêt distinguent frère et étranger, sans réaliser une égalité économique universelle. Le vœu est libre avant d’être prononcé, puis engage. Enfin, manger de quoi se nourrir dans une vigne ou un champ ne donne pas le droit d’y emporter une récolte : usage et appropriation ne sont pas identiques.